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What is Node.js and how does it differ from traditional web servers like Apache or Nginx?
Explain the Event-Driven Architecture in Node.js. How does it work?
What's the difference between CommonJS and ES Modules in Node.js? How do you use each?
How does non-blocking I/O work in Node.js? Give a concrete example with file system operations.
What is the V8 engine and how does Node.js use it?
How do you manage dependencies with NPM? Explain package.json, node_modules, and lock files.
How do you create a basic HTTP server in Node.js using the core http module?
What are environment variables in Node.js and how do you use them?
What are streams in Node.js and why are they important for handling large data?
What is the process object in Node.js? What are its common uses?
What is the Path module in Node.js and how do you use it to work with file paths?
What information can you retrieve with the OS module in Node.js? Give examples.
What are Buffers in Node.js? How do they differ from arrays and strings?
How do you use native fetch in Node.js? How is it different from browser fetch?
What is Express.js and how do you build a basic REST API with it?
How do you handle JSON in Node.js? Parse, stringify, and work with JSON files.
What is async/await in Node.js? How does it differ from promises and callbacks?
Explain the six phases of the Node.js event loop in detail. How do timers, I/O callbacks, and the poll phase interact?
What are microtasks, macrotasks, and process.nextTick? Explain their execution order with examples.
Explain backpressure in Node.js streams. How do you handle it correctly, and what are common pitfalls?
What are transform streams and how do you create custom transform streams? Give an example of encryption or compression.
How does Buffer memory allocation work? Explain the internal pooling mechanism and Buffer.allocUnsafe().
How does module caching work in Node.js? How can you clear or manipulate the cache?
How do you implement JWT authentication in Node.js? What are security best practices?
What are Worker Threads in Node.js? When should you use them instead of clusters or child processes?
How do you create and manage child processes in Node.js? Compare spawn, exec, execFile, and fork.
What is the cluster module and how does it help with scaling Node.js applications?
What is middleware in Express.js? Explain different types and how to write custom middleware.
What are best practices for designing REST APIs in Node.js? How do you handle versioning?
How do you implement request validation in Node.js? Compare Joi, Zod, and JSON Schema.
Explain the timers and poll phases of the event loop in detail. How do setTimeout and setImmediate behave differently?
What is dependency injection in Node.js? How does it help with testing and modularity?
How do you implement structured logging in Node.js? Compare Winston and Pino.
How do you implement rate limiting in Node.js? What are different strategies (in-memory, Redis, sliding window)?
How do you handle file uploads securely in Node.js? What are common pitfalls?
How do you implement WebSockets in Node.js? Compare Socket.io vs ws library.
How do you integrate databases in Node.js? Compare connection pooling, ORMs, and query builders.
What are caching strategies in Node.js? How do you use Redis for caching?
What are common security vulnerabilities in Node.js applications and how do you prevent them?
How do you test Node.js applications using the built-in test runner (node:test) and mocking?
How do you profile and optimize performance in Node.js applications? What tools and techniques do you use?
How do you detect and fix memory leaks in Node.js applications? What tools and patterns help?
How do you debug Node.js applications effectively? What tools and techniques do you use?
How does libuv work internally? Explain its role in Node.js architecture and how it abstracts the event loop across operating systems.
Explain V8 garbage collection internals: generations, Mark-Compact, Scavenger, and how to optimize GC pressure in Node.js.
What are Async Hooks and AsyncLocalStorage? How do they work and what are their use cases for context propagation?
How do you design microservices in Node.js? Compare message queues (Kafka, RabbitMQ) and patterns for distributed systems.
How do you implement observability in Node.js: metrics, distributed tracing, and logging pipelines?
Explain streams internals: how backpressure propagates and how to implement high-throughput custom streams.
How do you build native addons for Node.js using N-API? What are the benefits over legacy NAN?
What are Edge Runtime concepts? How do Node.js apps differ on Edge platforms (Cloudflare Workers, Vercel Edge, Deno Deploy)?
What are production deployment strategies for Node.js? Compare blue-green, canary, and rolling deployments.
How do you perform advanced heap analysis and memory leak detection in Node.js using heap snapshots, comparisons, and tools like Chrome DevTools?
How do you use performance profiling tools like flamegraphs, --prof, and clinic to identify CPU bottlenecks in Node.js?
What are advanced security hardening techniques for Node.js? Discuss seccomp, sandboxing, and secure code generation.
Explain advanced caching architectures: multi-tier, cache coherence, write-through, write-behind, and cache-aside with distributed systems.
How does SSR (Server-Side Rendering) architecture work in Node.js? Compare CSR, SSR, and streaming SSR with Next.js/Nuxt.
Explain containerization concepts for Node.js: Docker multi-stage builds, Kubernetes operators, sidecar pattern, and security.
What are advanced testing techniques: fuzzing, property-based testing, and chaos engineering for Node.js?