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What is Python and why is it widely used?
What are the key features of Python?
How do you install Python and set up the development environment?
How do you run a Python program?
What are variables in Python and how do you declare them?
What are the built-in data types in Python?
How do numbers work in Python? (int, float, complex)
How do strings work in Python?
What are the most important Python string methods?
What are lists in Python and how do you use them?
What are tuples in Python and when should you use them?
What are sets in Python and how do you use them?
What are dictionaries in Python and how do you use them?
How does type conversion work in Python?
What are the different types of operators in Python?
How do conditional statements work in Python?
How do for loops and while loops work in Python?
How do break, continue, and pass work in Python loops?
How do you define and call functions in Python?
What are function arguments in Python? (positional, keyword, default, *args, **kwargs)
How does the return statement work in Python functions?
What is variable scope in Python? (local, global, LEGB rule)
What are modules in Python and how do you use them?
What are packages in Python and how are they structured?
How do input and output work in Python?
How do you read and write files in Python?
How does exception handling work in Python?
What are list comprehensions in Python and how do you use them?
What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python?
How do you define and use classes in Python?
What are objects in Python and how do they work?
How does string formatting work in Python? (%, .format(), f-strings)
What are the key list methods in Python?
What are advanced dictionary operations in Python?
What are lambda functions in Python?
How does inheritance work in Python?
What are special/dunder methods in Python classes?
What are Python's built-in functions and how do you use them?
What is the difference between mutable and immutable types in Python?
How do you use the range() function effectively in Python?
How do you work with multiline strings and raw strings in Python?
How does Python handle variable assignment and memory references?
How does Python's match statement (structural pattern matching) work?
What are decorators in Python and how do they work?
What is polymorphism in Python and how is it implemented?
How do you handle file paths cross-platform with pathlib in Python?
How do you create and raise custom exceptions in Python?
What are some essential Python standard library modules?
What are properties in Python classes and how do you use them?
What is the difference between Python 2 and Python 3?
What are generators and generator expressions in Python?
How do you use dictionary and set comprehensions in Python?
What is encapsulation and how is it implemented in Python?
What are type hints and annotations in Python?
What are closures in Python?
How do Python functions work internally, and what is the difference between parameters and arguments?
What are *args and **kwargs and how does Python unpack them during a function call?
What are lambda functions in Python, when should you use them, and what are their limitations?
What is a closure in Python and how does it capture variables from the enclosing scope?
How do Python decorators work internally, and how do you write a decorator that preserves the wrapped function's metadata?
What are Python generators, how does `yield` work, and when should you use them over lists?
What is the iterator protocol in Python and how do you implement a custom iterator?
How do list, dict, set, and generator comprehensions work, and what are their performance differences?
What is a context manager in Python and how do you implement one using both a class and `contextlib`?
How does Python's exception handling work, and what are best practices for raising and catching exceptions?
What are the four pillars of OOP in Python and how does Python implement each?
How does Python's multiple inheritance and MRO work, and what is the diamond problem?
What are Python magic methods (dunder methods) and how do you implement them to make custom objects behave like built-ins?
How do Python dataclasses work and what advantages do they offer over plain classes?
What are NamedTuples in Python and how do they differ from dataclasses and plain tuples?
How does Python's import system work, and what is the difference between packages, modules, and the `__init__.py` file?
Why do Python virtual environments exist, how do they work internally, and what are modern tools for managing them?
How do Python type hints work, what is the role of `mypy`, and what are the most important typing constructs?
What are the key data structures in `collections` module and when should you use each?
How does Python's `re` module work, and what are the most important regex patterns and functions?
How does Python handle JSON serialization and deserialization, including custom objects?
How do you read and write CSV files in Python correctly, handling edge cases like quoted fields and different dialects?
How does Python's logging module work, and what is the correct way to set up structured logging for production?
How do you write effective unit tests in Python using `pytest`, and what are key testing patterns?
What is the difference between concurrency and parallelism in Python, and when does the GIL matter?
How does Python threading work, what are race conditions, and how do you synchronize threads safely?
How does Python asyncio work, and how do you write async code correctly using `async/await`?
How does polymorphism work in Python, and what is the difference between duck typing and explicit interface checking?
How does Python implement encapsulation, and what are the conventions for private and protected attributes?
How do you implement abstraction in Python using abstract base classes (ABCs)?
What are first-class functions in Python and how are they used in functional programming patterns?
What is `yield from` in Python and how does it simplify generator delegation?
How do you create class-based decorators in Python and when are they preferable to function-based ones?
How does `contextlib.ExitStack` work and when should you use it?
What are TypeVar, Generic, and Protocol in Python and how do they enable generic programming?
How do you structure a Python project for distribution using `pyproject.toml` and how does package discovery work?
What is exception chaining in Python (`raise X from Y`) and how does it preserve error context?
How do you use `unittest.mock` to mock dependencies and test in isolation?
How do you handle exceptions in asyncio tasks and what is the difference between `gather` and `TaskGroup`?
What are regex groups, named groups, lookaheads, and lookbehinds, and how do you use them in Python?
How do you use `logging.config` to configure logging from a file or dictionary in Python?
How does Python's `heapq` module work and what problems does it solve efficiently?
What is `concurrent.futures` and how does it provide a high-level interface for threading and multiprocessing?
What is `__post_init__` in Python dataclasses and how do you use it for validation and computed fields?
How do you build a custom JSON encoder and decoder for Python objects?
How does `itertools` work and what are the most useful combinatorial and infinite iterators?
What is test-driven development (TDD) and how do you apply the red-green-refactor cycle in Python?
What is `functools.lru_cache` and how does memoization improve Python performance?
What are `TypedDict`, `Literal`, and `Final` in Python typing and when do you use each?
How do you use `pandas` for advanced CSV processing, and what are common pitfalls with data types?
What is the `threading.Event` and `threading.Condition` and how do they coordinate threads?
What is CPython and how does its internal architecture work from source code to execution?
How does the Python interpreter execute bytecode, and what is the role of the evaluation loop in ceval.c?
How does Python compile source code to bytecode, and how can you inspect and manipulate it?
How does CPython manage memory allocation, and what is the role of pymalloc?
How does Python's reference counting work, and what are its limitations with cyclic references?
How does Python's cyclic garbage collector work, and how should you tune it for production?
What is the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL), why does it exist, and what are strategies to work around it?
How does Python's data model work, and what is the role of dunder methods in the object system?
What are metaclasses in Python, how do they work internally, and when should you use them?
How does Python's descriptor protocol work, and how are descriptors used to implement properties, classmethods, and staticmethods?
How do advanced Python decorators work, including class-based decorators, decorator factories, and decorator stacking?
How does Python's asyncio event loop work internally, and what happens when you await a coroutine?
How do you implement a custom asyncio event loop, and when would you need to replace the default one?
What are Python's concurrency models (threading, multiprocessing, asyncio, concurrent.futures), and how do you choose between them?
How does Python's threading module work internally, and what are thread-safety mechanisms beyond the GIL?
How does Python's multiprocessing module work, and what are the best strategies for inter-process communication?
What are the most effective Python performance optimization techniques, and how do you identify bottlenecks?
How do you effectively profile Python applications in development and production environments?
How do you diagnose and fix Python memory leaks in production applications?
How do Python generators work internally, and what is the difference between generator functions, generator expressions, and the send/throw/close protocol?
How do Python context managers work internally, and how do you implement advanced context managers with error handling?
How does Python packaging work, and what are best practices for creating production-ready packages?
How do you write CPython C extensions, and what are the performance and safety considerations?
What are the main Python security vulnerabilities and how do you mitigate them in production?
How are classic design patterns implemented in Python, leveraging its dynamic features?
How do you implement Clean Architecture in Python, and what are the benefits for large-scale applications?
How do you design and scale Python web applications for high traffic?
How do you achieve near-native performance in Python using NumPy, Cython, Numba, and Rust extensions?
How does Python's import system work, and how can you customize it with custom finders and loaders?
How does Python's `__slots__` work internally, and what are the trade-offs of using it?
How does Python's string interning work, and when does it affect program behavior?